You would need 2 days to be able to enjoy Disneyland fully. Here’s a list of attractions & shows at the Disneyland Resort:

Disneyland
New Orleans Square: Pirates of the Caribbean, Haunted Mansion
Critter Country: Splash Mountain
Frontierland: Big Thunder Mountain Railroad, Mark Twain Riverboat, Pirates Lair at Tom Sawyer Island, Billy Hill & the Hillbillies, Fantasmic!
Adventureland: Jungle Cruise, Indiana Jones Adventure, Tarzan’s Treehouse, Enchanted Tiki Room
Fantasyland: Sleeping Beauty Castle Walkthrough, Snow White’s Scary Adventures, Peter Pan’s Flight, King Arthur Carrousel, Alice in Wonderland, Mad Tea Cups, Mr. Toad’s Wild Ride, Storybook Land Canal Boats, Matterhorn Bobsleds
Mickey’s Toon Town: Roger Rabbit’s Car Toon Spin, Gadget’s Go Coaster, Donald’s Boat, Minnie’s House, Mickey’s House
Tomorrowland: Autopia, Space Mountain, Star Tours, Buzz Lighter Astro Blasters, Finding Nemo Submarine Voyage, Monorail, Innoventions

Disney’s California Adventure
Hollywood Pictures Backlot: Monsters Inc. Mike & Sulley to the Rescue!, Off the Page, Aladdin-A Musical Spectacular
Paradise Pier: Mulholland Madness, Jumpin’ Jellyfish, Toy Story Mania, Orange Stinger, California Screamin’
Golden State: The Bakery Tour, Mission Tortilla Factory, Soarin’ Over California, Grizzly River Run, Redwood Creek Challenge Trail
"a bug’s land": It’s Tough to Be a Bug!

I say NO… There is so much to do AND they let too many people into Disneyland that by the time you wait your turn in the lines, you can’t really see or do much at all. Get fast pass or fast trak, I forget which they call it. Go early. Stay at the Disney hotel if you can so you can enter and exit thru the priority gate. After all that, the kids will be tired anyway.

Disney has a lot of places to visit and usually people would visit one park each day. One day would make your visit very rushed if you want to get the whole experience, you probably wont be able to unfortunately. I’ve went to disney for 3 days and i already felt rushed.
You’d really have a lot of planning to do to get all the fun stuff.

And you wouldn’t want to take up time running around from place to place, your kids might get tired and impatient.

Good luck with your planning!

The kids will get extremely tired and cranky and will probably want an afternoon nap. Depending on the time of your you go, the park may be super-busy (like during the summer months) and your ability to see and do a lot of things will be cut short as a result. I would suggest two days minimum to get as much of the Disney experience as possible.